# indianepics

> A scroll-driven historical atlas of the Indian subcontinent from the Itihasa to 2026: 9 chapters, 120 dated and sourced events, two tracks (tradition and evidence), English and Hindi, open data (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Every page has a Markdown twin at the same path with `.md` instead of a trailing slash. The whole corpus is in [llms-full.txt](https://indianepics.online/llms-full.txt). Negative years are BCE. Tradition events carry told time (yugas), never a calendar date; evidence events carry a year range with an honest uncertainty.

## Chapters

- [Itihasa and Purana](https://indianepics.online/chapter/itihasa.md): Tradition track (3 events)
- [Indus and Veda](https://indianepics.online/chapter/indus-vedic.md): c. 2600 to 400 BCE (8 events)
- [The Mauryan Empire](https://indianepics.online/chapter/maurya.md): c. 321 to 185 BCE (7 events)
- [Gupta and the classical age](https://indianepics.online/chapter/classical.md): c. 180 BCE to 750 CE (10 events)
- [Cholas to the Sultanate](https://indianepics.online/chapter/medieval.md): c. 750 to 1500 CE (11 events)
- [The Mughals and their rivals](https://indianepics.online/chapter/mughal.md): 1526 to 1760 CE (8 events)
- [Company rule](https://indianepics.online/chapter/company.md): 1757 to 1858 (18 events)
- [Crown and the freedom struggle](https://indianepics.online/chapter/raj.md): 1858 to 1947 (32 events)
- [The Republic and its states](https://indianepics.online/chapter/republic.md): 1947 to today (23 events)

## Events

### Itihasa and Purana

- [Ayodhya, city of Rama](https://indianepics.online/event/ayodhya.md): The Ramayana's capital of Kosala, Rama's birthplace and seat, on the Sarayu.
- [Dwarka, Krishna's western city](https://indianepics.online/event/dwarka.md): Krishna's capital on the Saurashtra coast, which the Mahabharata says the sea swallowed after his death.
- [Kurukshetra, field of the Mahabharata war](https://indianepics.online/event/kurukshetra.md): The eighteen-day war between the Pandavas and Kauravas, and the setting of the Bhagavad Gita.

### Indus and Veda

- [Dholavira and its reservoirs](https://indianepics.online/event/dholavira.md): On an island in the Rann of Kutch, a walled Harappan city stores monsoon water in rock-cut reservoirs and leaves ten large signs by its north gate.
- [Mohenjo-daro, the planned city](https://indianepics.online/event/mohenjo-daro.md): One of the largest Harappan cities rises on the Indus: baked-brick houses, covered drains, a citadel with the Great Bath, and no palace or temple yet found.
- [Lothal and the dock debate](https://indianepics.online/event/lothal.md): A small Harappan town near the Gulf of Khambhat, with a large brick basin its excavator called a dockyard and others read as a reservoir.
- [Harappa and the end of the cities](https://indianepics.online/event/harappa-decline.md): From about 1900 BCE the big Indus cities shrink and empty, and at Harappa a smaller settlement buries its dead in a new style, called Cemetery H.
- [The Rigveda and the land of seven rivers](https://indianepics.online/event/rigveda-sapta-sindhu.md): Hymns in Vedic Sanskrit are composed in the greater Punjab; the pin is the Ravi, where Rigveda 7.18 sets the battle of the ten kings.
- [Painted Grey Ware villages of the doab](https://indianepics.online/event/painted-grey-ware.md): Fine grey pottery painted in black marks the farming villages of the later Vedic Ganga-Yamuna doab; Hastinapur is its key excavated site.
- [Rajagriha and the sixteen great realms](https://indianepics.online/event/rajagriha-magadha.md): Magadha's hill-ringed capital rises among sixteen rival kingdoms and republics; the Buddha and Mahavira both teach here.
- [The Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath](https://indianepics.online/event/buddha-sarnath.md): In the deer park near Varanasi the Buddha preaches his first sermon to five ascetics; its date depends on which chronology of his life is right.

### The Mauryan Empire

- [Taxila, crossroads of the north-west](https://indianepics.online/event/taxila-learning.md): Gandhara's chief city: once Persian, host to Alexander in 326 BCE, then a Mauryan provincial seat governed by a prince.
- [Chandragupta takes Magadha](https://indianepics.online/event/chandragupta-magadha.md): Chandragupta Maurya overthrows the Nanda king and rules from Pataliputra; later tradition credits his minister Chanakya with the plan.
- [Treaty with Seleucus](https://indianepics.online/event/seleucid-treaty.md): Seleucus Nicator gives Chandragupta lands along the Indus under a marriage pact and receives five hundred war elephants.
- [The Great Stupa at Sanchi](https://indianepics.online/event/sanchi-stupa.md): Ashoka's brick stupa, doubled in size and cased in stone in the 2nd century BCE, and given carved gateways around the turn of the era.
- [The Kalinga war](https://indianepics.online/event/kalinga-war.md): Ashoka conquers Kalinga; his Rock Edict XIII counts the dead and deported and records his remorse and turn to dhamma.
- [The edicts of Ashoka](https://indianepics.online/event/ashoka-edicts.md): Rock and pillar edicts in Prakrit, Greek and Aramaic, from Kandahar to Karnataka; the oldest deciphered, datable writing from India.
- [Pushyamitra ends the dynasty](https://indianepics.online/event/maurya-fall.md): The general Pushyamitra kills the last Maurya, Brihadratha, at a review of the army and founds the Shunga dynasty.

### Gupta and the classical age

- [Sangam poetry and the Tamil kings](https://indianepics.online/event/sangam-madurai.md): Tamil poets of love and war compose the Sangam anthologies under the Chera, Chola and Pandya kings, while Roman ships trade at Muziris and Arikamedu.
- [Gautamiputra Satakarni and the Nashik caves](https://indianepics.online/event/satavahana-nashik.md): A queen mother's inscription at Nashik praises her son Gautamiputra Satakarni for crushing the Shakas and restoring Satavahana power.
- [Kanishka and the first Buddha images](https://indianepics.online/event/kanishka-mathura.md): Kanishka's Kushan empire joins Bactria to the Ganga plain; at Mathura and in Gandhara sculptors make some of the earliest images of the Buddha.
- [Chandragupta I and the Gupta era](https://indianepics.online/event/gupta-era-320.md): The Gupta era begins in 319-320 CE, most likely with Chandragupta I's accession; coins show his marriage to a Licchavi princess.
- [Samudragupta's Allahabad pillar](https://indianepics.online/event/allahabad-pillar.md): Harishena's Sanskrit eulogy on an Ashokan pillar lists the kings Samudragupta uprooted, the southern kings he freed, and the tributaries beyond.
- [Nalanda mahavihara](https://indianepics.online/event/nalanda.md): A monastery founded under Kumaragupta I grows into a Buddhist university that draws scholars from China, Korea and Tibet until the 13th century.
- [The painted caves of Ajanta](https://indianepics.online/event/ajanta-caves.md): Under the Vakataka king Harishena, monks and courtiers cut new caves above the Waghora and paint them with the Jataka stories.
- [Aryabhata writes the Aryabhatiya](https://indianepics.online/event/aryabhata-499.md): At twenty-three, Aryabhata completes a compact Sanskrit treatise on mathematics and astronomy, with a value of pi and a rotating Earth.
- [Harsha's Kannauj](https://indianepics.online/event/harsha-kannauj.md): Harshavardhana rules the north from Kannauj, is turned back at the Narmada by Pulakeshin II, and hosts the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang.
- [Pallava Mamallapuram](https://indianepics.online/event/mamallapuram.md): At the Pallava port east of Kanchipuram, granite is cut into cave shrines, monolithic rathas and a vast relief, and the Shore Temple rises by the sea.

### Cholas to the Sultanate

- [The temples of Khajuraho](https://indianepics.online/event/khajuraho.md): Between about 950 and 1050 the Chandela kings build dozens of Hindu and Jain temples at Khajuraho; some twenty survive.
- [Rajaraja's temple at Thanjavur](https://indianepics.online/event/rajaraja-thanjavur-1010.md): Rajaraja I consecrates the Brihadisvara at Thanjavur in 1010, a granite temple whose walls record the lands and gifts of a growing Chola state.
- [Rajendra's Gangaikonda Cholapuram](https://indianepics.online/event/rajendra-gangaikonda.md): After his army reaches the Ganga, Rajendra I builds a capital named for the feat; in 1025 his fleet raids Srivijaya across the Bay of Bengal.
- [Mahmud of Ghazni at Somnath](https://indianepics.online/event/somnath-1026.md): In January 1026 Mahmud of Ghazni sacks the Somanatha temple on the Saurashtra coast, the most remembered of his raids into India.
- [The battles of Tarain](https://indianepics.online/event/tarain-1192.md): Prithviraj Chauhan beats Muhammad of Ghur at Tarain in 1191 and loses to him on the same field in 1192, opening the Ganga plain to the Ghurids.
- [The Qutb Minar and the Delhi Sultanate](https://indianepics.online/event/qutb-minar.md): Around 1199 Aibak begins a victory tower beside Delhi's first great mosque; Iltutmish completes it as Delhi becomes the seat of a sultanate.
- [Alauddin Khalji takes Chittor](https://indianepics.online/event/alauddin-chittor-1303.md): Seven months after leaving Delhi, Alauddin Khalji takes the Guhila fortress of Chittor on 26 August 1303, extending the Sultanate into Mewar.
- [The move to Daulatabad](https://indianepics.online/event/daulatabad-1327.md): In 1327 Muhammad bin Tughluq makes Devagiri, renamed Daulatabad, a second capital and sends Delhi's elite south; by about 1335 the court is back.
- [Vijayanagara is founded](https://indianepics.online/event/vijayanagara-1336.md): Tradition dates to 1336 the kingdom the brothers Harihara and Bukka founded on the Tungabhadra; it would dominate the south for two centuries.
- [The Bahmani sultanate](https://indianepics.online/event/bahmani-1347.md): On 3 August 1347 rebel Deccan amirs proclaim Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah sultan; ruling from Gulbarga, he ends Delhi's hold on the Deccan.
- [Timur sacks Delhi](https://indianepics.online/event/timur-delhi-1398.md): Timur routs the Tughluq army outside Delhi on 17 December 1398 and sacks Siri, Jahanpanah and Old Delhi; the Sultanate never regains its reach.

### The Mughals and their rivals

- [First Battle of Panipat](https://indianepics.online/event/panipat-1526.md): Babur's field guns and flanking cavalry break Ibrahim Lodi's army; the Delhi Sultanate ends and the Mughal line begins.
- [Akbar's city at Fatehpur Sikri](https://indianepics.online/event/fatehpur-sikri.md): Akbar's capital of 1571-85, where debates in the Ibadat Khana brought Sunni and Shia scholars, Brahmins, Jains and Jesuits before him.
- [The English factory at Surat](https://indianepics.online/event/surat-factory.md): After an English victory over the Portuguese off Swally, Jahangir confirms the East India Company's right to trade at Surat.
- [Shah Jahan builds the Taj Mahal](https://indianepics.online/event/taj-mahal.md): Shah Jahan's tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, built over two decades on the Yamuna in white Makrana marble.
- [Shivaji crowned at Raigad](https://indianepics.online/event/shivaji-coronation.md): Shivaji is crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad, making his Maratha state a sovereign kingdom outside the Mughal order.
- [Aurangzeb takes Golconda](https://indianepics.online/event/golconda-1687.md): After an eight-month siege the last Deccan sultanate falls to Aurangzeb, carrying the empire close to its greatest extent.
- [Guru Gobind Singh founds the Khalsa](https://indianepics.online/event/khalsa-1699.md): At Vaisakhi the tenth Guru initiates the Panj Piare and gives the Sikh community its martial, egalitarian form.
- [Battle of Plassey](https://indianepics.online/event/plassey-1757.md): Clive's Company army defeats Siraj ud-Daulah when Mir Jafar's troops stand aside; the Company becomes the power behind Bengal's throne.

### Company rule

- [Battle of Buxar](https://indianepics.online/event/buxar-1764.md): Munro's Company army defeats Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula and Shah Alam II; a year later the emperor grants the Company the diwani of Bengal.
- [The Regulating Act and Warren Hastings](https://indianepics.online/event/regulating-act-1773.md): Parliament puts the Company's Indian government under a Governor-General at Calcutta; Warren Hastings becomes the first in 1774.
- [The Permanent Settlement](https://indianepics.online/event/permanent-settlement-1793.md): Cornwallis fixes Bengal's land revenue in perpetuity and makes the zamindars owners of the land, whose estates are sold if they fall behind.
- [Fall of Srirangapatna](https://indianepics.online/event/srirangapatna-1799.md): Company and Hyderabad troops storm Tipu Sultan's island capital on 4 May; Tipu dies at the walls and Mysore is partitioned.
- [The Great Trigonometrical Survey begins](https://indianepics.online/event/great-arc-1802.md): On 10 April 1802 William Lambton lays a 12 km baseline near Madras, the start of the survey that mapped India and measured Everest.
- [The Vellore mutiny](https://indianepics.online/event/vellore-mutiny-1806.md): Sepoys in Vellore fort rise against new dress rules on 10 July and kill over a hundred British troops; Gillespie's cavalry retakes the fort by morning.
- [The end of the Peshwa](https://indianepics.online/event/maratha-war-1818.md): After Khadki and Koregaon, Baji Rao II surrenders in June 1818; the Peshwa's lands are annexed and the Maratha confederacy ends.
- [Sati abolished, English adopted](https://indianepics.online/event/bentinck-reforms-1829.md): Bentinck outlaws sati in Bengal in December 1829; in 1835, after Macaulay's Minute, the Company's education funds go to English-medium teaching.
- [Conquest of Sindh](https://indianepics.online/event/sindh-1843.md): Charles Napier defeats the Talpur amirs at Miani and Dubba near Hyderabad, and the Company annexes Sindh and the lower Indus.
- [Lapse and annexation](https://indianepics.online/event/doctrine-of-lapse.md): Dalhousie annexes states whose rulers die without a natural heir, from Satara in 1848 to Jhansi and Nagpur in 1854, and takes Awadh in 1856.
- [Annexation of the Punjab](https://indianepics.online/event/punjab-annexation-1849.md): After the second Anglo-Sikh war Dalhousie annexes Ranjit Singh's kingdom on 29 March; the boy Maharaja Duleep Singh is made to give up the Koh-i-Noor.
- [The first train, and the telegraph](https://indianepics.online/event/railway-1853.md): On 16 April 1853 the first passenger train runs 34 km from Bori Bunder to Thane; by 1856 telegraph wires link Calcutta, Agra, Bombay and Madras.
- [Mangal Pandey at Barrackpore](https://indianepics.online/event/barrackpore-1857.md): On 29 March sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry attacks his officers on parade; he is hanged on 8 April and his regiment disbanded.
- [Meerut to Delhi](https://indianepics.online/event/delhi-1857.md): Sepoys rise at Meerut on 10 May and ride to Delhi to proclaim Bahadur Shah Zafar; the British retake the city in September and exile him to Rangoon.
- [Kanpur, 1857](https://indianepics.online/event/kanpur-1857.md): Nana Sahib's forces besiege Wheeler's entrenchment; the survivors are killed at Satichaura Ghat and the Bibighar, and Havelock retakes the city in July.
- [Lucknow and Begum Hazrat Mahal](https://indianepics.online/event/lucknow-1857.md): Awadh rises; the British are besieged in the Residency for nearly five months while Begum Hazrat Mahal rules in her son's name until March 1858.
- [Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur](https://indianepics.online/event/kunwar-singh-1857.md): The aged zamindar of Jagdishpur leads the Danapur mutineers, besieges Arrah, fights across north India and dies at home in April 1858.
- [Rani Lakshmibai and Tatya Tope](https://indianepics.online/event/lakshmibai-1858.md): Hugh Rose storms Jhansi in April 1858; the Rani and Tatya Tope seize Gwalior, where she dies fighting in June; Tope is hanged in 1859.

### Crown and the freedom struggle

- [The Crown takes over](https://indianepics.online/event/queens-proclamation-1858.md): On 1 November 1858 Canning reads the Queen's Proclamation at Allahabad; the Company's rule ends and India passes to the Crown.
- [The Great Famine of 1876 to 1878](https://indianepics.online/event/famine-1876.md): Drought across the Deccan and the south kills an estimated 5 to 10 million people; the 1880 Famine Commission leads to India's first famine codes.
- [Phadke's rising and the Chapekar brothers](https://indianepics.online/event/phadke-chapekar.md): Vasudev Balwant Phadke's armed band raids the country around Pune in 1879; in 1897 the Chapekar brothers shoot plague commissioner Rand.
- [The Ilbert Bill and the first Congress](https://indianepics.online/event/congress-1885.md): After the European outcry against the Ilbert Bill, 72 delegates meet in Bombay on 28 December 1885 as the first Indian National Congress.
- [Birsa Munda's ulgulan](https://indianepics.online/event/birsa-ulgulan.md): Birsa Munda leads the Munda rising of 1899 to 1900 against landlords, missions and the Raj; he dies in Ranchi jail aged about 25.
- [The partition of Bengal and Swadeshi](https://indianepics.online/event/bengal-partition-1905.md): Curzon splits Bengal in 1905; a Calcutta Town Hall meeting answers with a boycott of British goods, and the partition is reversed in 1911.
- [The Muslim League and separate electorates](https://indianepics.online/event/muslim-league-1906.md): The All-India Muslim League is founded at Dacca on 30 December 1906; the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909 give Muslims separate electorates.
- [Khudiram Bose and Tilak's trial](https://indianepics.online/event/muzaffarpur-1908.md): A bomb meant for a magistrate kills two Englishwomen at Muzaffarpur; Khudiram Bose is hanged, and Tilak is sent to Mandalay for his articles on it.
- [Savarkar and the Cellular Jail](https://indianepics.online/event/cellular-jail-1911.md): V. D. Savarkar reaches Port Blair's Cellular Jail in 1911 with two life sentences; he and his brother are moved to mainland jails in 1921.
- [The Delhi Durbar and a new capital](https://indianepics.online/event/delhi-durbar-1911.md): At the 1911 Durbar George V announces that the capital will move from Calcutta to Delhi and Bengal will be reunited; New Delhi opens in 1931.
- [The Komagata Maru and the Ghadar rising](https://indianepics.online/event/komagata-maru-1914.md): Turned away from Vancouver, the Komagata Maru's passengers are fired on at Budge Budge in 1914; a planned Ghadar mutiny in the Punjab fails in 1915.
- [Home Rule and the Lucknow Pact](https://indianepics.online/event/lucknow-pact-1916.md): Tilak and Annie Besant launch Home Rule leagues in 1916; at Lucknow that December the Congress and the Muslim League agree a joint scheme.
- [Champaran and Kheda](https://indianepics.online/event/champaran-1917.md): Gandhi defies an order to leave Champaran in April 1917 and takes up the indigo tenants' case; in 1918 he leads Kheda's farmers against revenue.
- [The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh](https://indianepics.online/event/jallianwala-1919.md): On 13 April 1919 troops under General Dyer fire on a crowd in Jallianwala Bagh; the official toll is 379 dead, Indian estimates about 1,000.
- [Non-cooperation, Khilafat and Chauri Chaura](https://indianepics.online/event/non-cooperation-1920.md): Congress and the Khilafat committees launch non-cooperation in 1920; after a crowd burns Chauri Chaura police station in 1922, Gandhi calls it off.
- [Alluri Sitarama Raju and the Rampa rising](https://indianepics.online/event/rampa-1922.md): Alluri Sitarama Raju leads the hill peoples of the Godavari agency against forest laws, raiding police stations in 1922; he is killed in May 1924.
- [The Vaikom satyagraha](https://indianepics.online/event/vaikom-1924.md): From March 1924 volunteers court arrest on the roads around Vaikom temple, barred to Ezhavas and Dalits; three of the four roads open in 1925.
- [The Kakori train action](https://indianepics.online/event/kakori-1925.md): On 9 August 1925 Hindustan Republican Association members stop a train at Kakori and seize government cash; four of them are hanged in December 1927.
- [The Mahad satyagraha](https://indianepics.online/event/mahad-1927.md): On 20 March 1927 Ambedkar leads Dalits to drink from Mahad's Chavdar tank, open to all by law; that December the Manusmriti is burned there.
- [The Bardoli satyagraha](https://indianepics.online/event/bardoli-1928.md): Bardoli's farmers refuse a 22 per cent rise in land revenue in 1928; an inquiry cuts it to about 6 per cent, and Vallabhbhai Patel becomes Sardar.
- [Simon go back, and Bhagat Singh](https://indianepics.online/event/bhagat-singh-1931.md): Lajpat Rai dies after a police beating at Lahore's Simon protest in 1928; Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev are hanged in Lahore jail in March 1931.
- [The Salt March](https://indianepics.online/event/dandi-1930.md): Gandhi and 78 marchers walk about 390 km from Sabarmati to Dandi and break the salt law on 6 April 1930, opening civil disobedience.
- [The Chittagong armoury raid](https://indianepics.online/event/surya-sen-chittagong-1930.md): Surya Sen's Indian Republican Army seizes Chittagong's armouries on 18 April 1930; Sen is caught in 1933 and hanged in January 1934.
- [The Round Tables and the Poona Pact](https://indianepics.online/event/poona-pact-1932.md): Gandhi fasts in Yerwada jail against separate electorates for the depressed classes; on 24 September 1932 Ambedkar accepts reserved seats instead.
- [The Government of India Act 1935](https://indianepics.online/event/goi-act-1935.md): The 1935 Act gives the provinces elected governments in 1937; its all-India federation never forms, but much of the Act passes into the Constitution.
- [Quit India](https://indianepics.online/event/quit-india-1942.md): On 8 August 1942 the Congress passes the Quit India resolution at Gowalia Tank; by the next morning its leaders are jailed and the country rises.
- [The Bengal famine](https://indianepics.online/event/bengal-famine-1943.md): Wartime Bengal starves in 1943; the 1945 inquiry counts about 1.5 million dead, later estimates run to 3 million, and the causes are still argued.
- [Subhas Bose and the Indian National Army](https://indianepics.online/event/ina-1943.md): Bose leads the INA alongside Japan; its flag flies at Moirang in April 1944 before defeat at Imphal, and his death in 1945 has been disputed ever since.
- [Simla and the Cabinet Mission](https://indianepics.online/event/cabinet-mission-1946.md): Talks at Simla in 1945 and the Cabinet Mission plan of May 1946 try to keep India united in a loose federation; both founder on Congress–League mistrust.
- [The INA trials and the naval mutiny](https://indianepics.online/event/rin-mutiny-1946.md): The Red Fort trials of three INA officers stir protest in 1945; in February 1946 ratings of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny at Bombay and Karachi.
- [Direct Action Day](https://indianepics.online/event/direct-action-1946.md): The League's Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946 becomes days of killing in Calcutta; more than 4,000 die, and violence spreads to Noakhali and Bihar.
- [Mountbatten's 3 June plan](https://indianepics.online/event/dominion-plan-1947.md): On 3 June 1947 Mountbatten announces that British India will be partitioned; the handover is brought forward to August and Parliament passes the act in July.

### The Republic and its states

- [Independence](https://indianepics.online/event/independence-1947.md): The Indian Independence Act takes effect at midnight on 15 August; Nehru tells the Constituent Assembly India keeps its tryst with destiny.
- [Partition and the Radcliffe Line](https://indianepics.online/event/partition-1947.md): The Radcliffe award, published two days after independence, splits Punjab and Bengal; about 14.5 million people cross the new lines.
- [The Constitution comes into force](https://indianepics.online/event/constitution-1950.md): On 26 January India becomes a sovereign democratic republic; its constitution, drafted under B. R. Ambedkar, is the world's longest.
- [The first general election](https://indianepics.online/event/first-election-1951.md): The first votes are cast in snowbound Chini on 25 October 1951; by February 1952 an electorate of 173 million has chosen the first Lok Sabha.
- [States Reorganisation Act](https://indianepics.online/event/states-reorganisation-1956.md): After Potti Sriramulu's fatal fast and the Fazl Ali commission, India is redrawn into 14 states and 6 union territories, largely by language.
- [Bombay State becomes Maharashtra and Gujarat](https://indianepics.online/event/bombay-split-1960.md): The Samyukta Maharashtra and Mahagujarat movements split bilingual Bombay State into Maharashtra and Gujarat on 1 May.
- [The war with China](https://indianepics.online/event/sino-indian-war-1962.md): China attacks in Ladakh and the North-East Frontier on 20 October; after a month of Indian defeats it declares a ceasefire and keeps Aksai Chin.
- [The Green Revolution begins](https://indianepics.online/event/green-revolution-1966.md): Mexican dwarf wheat, tube wells and fertiliser lift Punjab's wheat harvest from 1.9 to 5.6 million tonnes between 1965 and 1972.
- [The 1971 war and Bangladesh](https://indianepics.online/event/bangladesh-1971.md): After nine months of civil war and ten million refugees, Indian troops and the Mukti Bahini reach Dhaka; Pakistan's eastern command surrenders on 16 December.
- [Nuclear tests at Pokhran](https://indianepics.online/event/pokhran-tests.md): India sets off a "peaceful nuclear explosion" on 18 May 1974, then five devices on 11 and 13 May 1998, and declares itself a nuclear weapon state.
- [The Emergency](https://indianepics.online/event/emergency-1975.md): Two weeks after a court voids her election, Indira Gandhi has a national emergency proclaimed on 25 June 1975; civil liberties are suspended for 21 months.
- [The Bhopal gas disaster](https://indianepics.online/event/bhopal-1984.md): On the night of 2-3 December 1984 methyl isocyanate leaks from Union Carbide's pesticide plant; thousands die in the crowded settlements around it.
- [Economic liberalisation](https://indianepics.online/event/liberalisation-1991.md): Facing a balance-of-payments crisis, the Rao government devalues the rupee, scraps most industrial licensing and opens trade.
- [Ayodhya, 1992 to 2024](https://indianepics.online/event/ayodhya-1992.md): Kar sevaks demolish the Babri Masjid on 6 December 1992; after a 2019 Supreme Court verdict, a Ram temple on the site is consecrated on 22 January 2024.
- [The Kargil war](https://indianepics.online/event/kargil-1999.md): Pakistani troops occupy heights on India's side of the Line of Control above Kargil; by 26 July 1999 the Indian Army has retaken them.
- [Aadhaar and the digital state](https://indianepics.online/event/aadhaar-2010.md): Ranjana Sonawane of Tembhli receives the first Aadhaar number on 29 September 2010; by April 2016 a billion of the biometric IDs have been issued.
- [Telangana becomes the 29th state](https://indianepics.online/event/telangana-2014.md): After a movement going back to 1969, Andhra Pradesh is split on 2 June; Hyderabad serves as joint capital for up to ten years.
- [Jammu and Kashmir reorganised; Ladakh a union territory](https://indianepics.online/event/ladakh-2019.md): Article 370 is made inoperative in August; on 31 October Jammu and Kashmir becomes two union territories, one of them Ladakh.
- [Clash in the Galwan valley](https://indianepics.online/event/galwan-2020.md): Indian and Chinese troops fight with clubs and stones on the night of 15 June 2020; twenty Indian soldiers die, the first border deaths in 45 years.
- [Chandrayaan-3 lands near the lunar south pole](https://indianepics.online/event/chandrayaan-3.md): Launched from Sriharikota on 14 July, Vikram lands near 69°S on 23 August, at the time the closest soft landing to the Moon's south pole.
- [The 2024 general election](https://indianepics.online/event/election-2024.md): Some 640 million people vote in seven phases; the BJP wins 240 seats, short of a majority, and Narendra Modi begins a third term at the head of the NDA.
- [Pahalgam and Operation Sindoor](https://indianepics.online/event/operation-sindoor-2025.md): Gunmen kill 26 people near Pahalgam on 22 April 2025; India strikes nine sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on 7 May; firing stops on 10 May.
- [Census 2027 begins](https://indianepics.online/event/census-2027.md): India's first census since 2011 opens with houselisting on 1 April 2026; it is the first digital count, and its second phase will also record caste.

## Optional

- [Source repository](https://github.com/SkidGod4444/indianepics)
- [Verification log](https://github.com/SkidGod4444/indianepics/blob/main/content/VERIFICATION.md): what was checked, against which sources, and what remains open
- [Sitemap](https://indianepics.online/sitemap.xml)